张量网络理论是物理学和计算机科学中用于有效表示和操作高维数据结构(称为张量)的数学框架。张量是矩阵向多维度的概括,张量网络提供了一种使用相互连接的张量网络分解和表示这些复杂结构的方法。该理论在量子物理学中特别有价值,尤其是在量子多体系统的研究以及机器学习和数据科学中。
张量网络理论已成为处理高维数据和复杂系统的强大工具。它允许简化计算,否则由于数据维度的指数级增长,这是不可行的。
张量网络理论的关键方面包括:
张量和张量网络:张量是一个由数值组成的多维数组,维数称为其 “顺序” 或 “等级”。例如,标量是 0 阶张量,向量是一阶张量,矩阵是二阶张量。高阶张量涉及更多的维度。张量网络是图形表示,其中节点代表张量,边代表它们之间指数的收缩(求和)。
张量分解:张量网络理论的核心思想之一是张量分解,它涉及将高维张量分解为低维张量网络。这种分解降低了与直接使用高维张量相关的计算复杂性。常见的张量分解类型包括矩阵积状态 (MPS) 和张量序列分解,两者都广泛用于量子物理学和机器学习。
矩阵产品状态 (MPS):MPS 是一种张量网络,它将大张量表示为由合约指数连接的矩阵序列。这种结构在量子物理学中特别有用,在量子物理学中,它可以有效地表示一维系统的量子态。MPS 是一类称为张量列的更通用的张量网络的具体示例。
量子物理学中的应用:在量子物理学中,张量网络理论用于对量子多体系统进行建模。这些系统涉及大量粒子之间的相互作用,导致其量子态的复杂性呈指数级增长。张量网络,例如MPS和投影纠缠对状态(PEPS),使物理学家能够更紧凑地表示这些状态,并进行原本在计算上会令人望而却步的模拟。
机器学习中的应用:张量网络也在机器学习中找到了应用,它们可用于压缩大型模型、降低数据的维数和提高算法的效率。例如,张量网络技术已应用于压缩神经网络,使其在保持预测能力的同时提高计算效率。这在深度学习中尤其重要,深度学习中的模型可以有数百万或数十亿个参数。
计算效率:张量网络理论的主要优势之一是它能够减少处理高维张量所需的计算资源。通过将复杂的张量分解成一个由更简单的组件组成的网络,就可以执行原本需要大量内存和处理能力的操作。
纠缠和张量网络:在量子信息论中,张量网络与纠缠的概念密切相关,纠缠描述了量子系统不同部分之间的相关性。张量网络为表示系统的纠缠结构提供了一种自然的方式,使其成为研究量子纠缠和相关现象的有力工具。
张量网络理论对企业,尤其是涉及量子计算、机器学习和数据科学等领域的企业很重要,因为它提供了一种更有效地管理和分析极大和复杂数据集的方法。随着数据规模和复杂性的持续增长,压缩、操作和分析高维数据的能力变得越来越重要。
对于参与机器学习的企业而言,张量网络技术可以提高模型的效率,从而减少计算能力,从而能够在边缘设备或资源受限的环境中部署 AI 系统。这可以节省成本,缩短处理时间,并能够将机器学习应用于更广泛的应用程序。
在新兴的量子计算领域,张量网络理论在模拟和理解量子系统中起着至关重要的作用,这对于开发量子算法和技术至关重要。投资量子技术的公司可以利用张量网络来优化其量子模拟,更好地理解复杂的量子现象。
更重要的是,随着张量网络越来越多地集成到机器学习框架中,企业有望看到其人工智能系统的可扩展性和效率的提高,从而获得更高级的数据分析和决策能力。
总而言之,张量网络理论是一种数学框架,用于有效地表示和操作高维数据结构。对于企业而言,它在量子计算和机器学习等领域具有显著优势,可实现更高效的数据处理、模型压缩和高级模拟。
About cookies on this site
Sapien uses cookies to personalise your experience, understand how you interact with our website, and show you ads about our products and services. The cookie declaration provides detailed information on the cookies we use and allows you to adjust your preferences.
About cookies on this site
Cookies used on the site are categorized and below you can read about each category and allow or deny some or all of them. When categories than have been previously allowed are disabled, all cookies assigned to that category will be removed from your browser. Additionally you can see a list of cookies assigned to each category and detailed information in the cookie declaration.
Necessary cookies
Some cookies are required to provide core functionality. The website won't function properly without these cookies and they are enabled by default and cannot be disabled.
CookieHub is a Consent Management Platform (CMP) which allows users to control storage and processing of personal information.
Cloudflare is a global network designed to make everything you connect to the Internet secure, private, fast, and reliable.
Google reCaptcha enables web hosts to distinguish between human and automated access to websites.
Preferences
Preference cookies enables the web site to remember information to customize how the web site looks or behaves for each user. This may include storing selected currency, region, language or color theme.
Analytical cookies
Analytical cookies help us improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.
Google Analytics is a web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic.
HubSpot is a CRM platform that provides tools for marketing, sales, and customer service.
Clarity is a user behavior analytics tool that helps you understand how users interact with your website.
Marketing cookies
Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites to allow publishers to display relevant and engaging advertisements. By enabling marketing cookies, you grant permission for personalized advertising across various platforms.
Google Ads is an advertising service by Google for businesses that want to display ads on Google search results and its advertising network.
The LinkedIn Insight tag powers conversion tracking, website audiences, and website demographics within the LinkedIn system.
Microsoft Advertising (formerly Bing Ads) is a service that provides pay per click advertising on the Bing, Yahoo!, and DuckDuckGo search engines.
Cookies used on the site are categorized and below you can read about each category and allow or deny some or all of them. When categories than have been previously allowed are disabled, all cookies assigned to that category will be removed from your browser. Additionally you can see a list of cookies assigned to each category and detailed information in the cookie declaration.
Necessary cookies
Some cookies are required to provide core functionality. The website won't function properly without these cookies and they are enabled by default and cannot be disabled.
Name | Hostname | Vendor | Expiry |
---|---|---|---|
__cf_bm | .hubspot.com | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
_cfuvid | .hubspot.com | Session | |
Used by Cloudflare WAF to distinguish individual users who share the same IP address and apply rate limits | |||
__cf_bm | .hsforms.net | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .hsforms.com | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
_cfuvid | .hsforms.com | Session | |
Used by Cloudflare WAF to distinguish individual users who share the same IP address and apply rate limits | |||
cookiehub | .sapien.io | CookieHub | 365 days |
Used by CookieHub to store information about whether visitors have given or declined the use of cookie categories used on the site. | |||
_GRECAPTCHA | www.google.com | 180 days | |
Used by Google reCaptcha for risk analysis | |||
__cf_bm | .hs-scripts.com | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .hsadspixel.net | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .hs-analytics.net | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .hs-banner.com | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .usemessages.com | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .hsappstatic.net | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. | |||
__cf_bm | .hubspotusercontent-na1.net | Cloudflare, Inc. | 1 hour |
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption. |
Preferences
Preference cookies enables the web site to remember information to customize how the web site looks or behaves for each user. This may include storing selected currency, region, language or color theme.
Name | Hostname | Vendor | Expiry |
---|---|---|---|
lidc | .linkedin.com | LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company | 1 day |
Used by LinkedIn for routing. | |||
li_gc | .linkedin.com | LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company | 180 days |
Used by LinkedIn to store consent of guests regarding the use of cookies for non-essential purposes |
Analytical cookies
Analytical cookies help us improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.
Name | Hostname | Vendor | Expiry |
---|---|---|---|
_ga | .sapien.io | 400 days | |
Contains a unique identifier used by Google Analytics to determine that two distinct hits belong to the same user across browsing sessions. | |||
_ga_ | .sapien.io | 400 days | |
Contains a unique identifier used by Google Analytics 4 to determine that two distinct hits belong to the same user across browsing sessions. | |||
__hstc | .sapien.io | HubSpot | 180 days |
This cookie name is associated with websites built on the HubSpot platform. This is the main cookie for tracking visitors. It contains the domain, utk, initial timestamp (first visit), last timestamp (last visit), current timestamp (this visit), and session number (increments for each subsequent session). | |||
hubspotutk | .sapien.io | HubSpot | 180 days |
This cookie name is associated with websites built on the HubSpot platform. This cookie is used to keep track of a visitor's identity. This cookie is passed to HubSpot on form submission and used when deduplicating contacts. | |||
__hssrc | .sapien.io | HubSpot | Session |
This cookie name is associated with websites built on the HubSpot platform. Whenever HubSpot changes the session cookie, this cookie is also set to determine if the visitor has restarted their browser. If this cookie does not exist when HubSpot manages cookies, it is considered a new session. | |||
__hssc | .sapien.io | HubSpot | 1 hour |
This cookie name is associated with websites built on the HubSpot platform. This cookie keeps track of sessions. This is used to determine if HubSpot should increment the session number and timestamps in the __hstc cookie. It contains the domain, viewCount (increments each pageView in a session), and session start timestamp. | |||
CLID | www.clarity.ms | Microsoft | 365 days |
Identifies the first-time Clarity saw this user on any site using Clarity. | |||
_clck | .sapien.io | Microsoft | 365 days |
Persists the Clarity User ID and preferences, unique to that site, on the browser. This ensures that behavior in subsequent visits to the same site will be attributed to the same user ID. | |||
_clsk | .sapien.io | Microsoft | 1 day |
Connects multiple page views by a user into a single Clarity session recording. | |||
MUID | .bing.com | Microsoft | 390 days |
Microsoft User Identifier tracking cookie used by Bing Ads. It can be set by embedded microsoft scripts. Widely believed to sync across many different Microsoft domains, allowing user tracking. | |||
MR | .c.bing.com | Microsoft | 7 days |
Used by Microsoft Clarity to indicate whether to refresh MUID. | |||
SM | .c.clarity.ms | Microsoft | Session |
This cookie is installed by Clarity. The cookie is used to store non-personally identifiable information. The cookie is used in synchronizing the MUID (Microsoft unique user ID) across Microsoft domains. | |||
MUID | .clarity.ms | Microsoft | 390 days |
Microsoft User Identifier tracking cookie used by Bing Ads. It can be set by embedded microsoft scripts. Widely believed to sync across many different Microsoft domains, allowing user tracking. | |||
MR | .c.clarity.ms | Microsoft | 7 days |
Used by Microsoft Clarity to indicate whether to refresh MUID. | |||
_cltk | Microsoft | Session | |
This cookie is installed by Microsoft Clarity tool and stores information about how visitors use the website |
Marketing cookies
Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites to allow publishers to display relevant and engaging advertisements. By enabling marketing cookies, you grant permission for personalized advertising across various platforms.
Name | Hostname | Vendor | Expiry |
---|---|---|---|
_gcl_au | .sapien.io | Google Advertising Products | 90 days |
Used by Google AdSense to understand user interaction with the website by generating analytical data. | |||
bcookie | .linkedin.com | LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company | 365 days |
This is a Microsoft MSN 1st party cookie for sharing the content of the website via social media. | |||
UserMatchHistory | .linkedin.com | LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company | 30 days |
Contains a unique identifier used by LinkedIn to determine that two distinct hits belong to the same user across browsing sessions. | |||
AnalyticsSyncHistory | .linkedin.com | LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company | 30 days |
Used by LinkedIn to store information about the time a sync with the lms_analytics cookie took place for users in the Designated Countries | |||
bscookie | .www.linkedin.com | LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company | 365 days |
Used by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of embedded services. | |||
IDE | .doubleclick.net | Google Advertising Products | 390 days |
Used by Google's DoubleClick to serve targeted advertisements that are relevant to users across the web. Targeted advertisements may be displayed to users based on previous visits to a website. These cookies measure the conversion rate of ads presented to the user. | |||
SRM_B | .c.bing.com | Microsoft | 390 days |
This cookie is installed by Microsoft Bing. Identifies unique web browsers visiting Microsoft sites. | |||
ANONCHK | .c.clarity.ms | Microsoft | 1 hour |
Used to store session ID for a users session to ensure that clicks from adverts on the Bing search engine are verified for reporting purposes and for personalisation |