Glossary

Uncertainty refers to the lack of certainty or predictability in outcomes, events, or data. In various fields, such as decision-making, economics, science, and machine learning, uncertainty reflects the inability to know something with complete accuracy or confidence. It arises from factors like incomplete information, inherent randomness, or the complexity of systems, and it often requires careful management to make informed decisions.

Underfitting is a situation in machine learning where a model is too simple to capture the underlying patterns in the data. It occurs when the model fails to learn the relationship between the input features and the target output, leading to poor performance both on the training data and on unseen data (test data). Underfitting typically results in high bias and low variance, making the model unable to generalize to new data.

Unstructured data refers to information that does not have a predefined data model or is not organized in a systematic manner. Unlike structured data, which is typically stored in rows and columns within databases, unstructured data comes in various formats such as text, images, audio, video, and social media posts. This type of data is often more challenging to analyze because it lacks a consistent format or structure, making traditional data processing techniques less effective.

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm is trained on unlabeled data, meaning the data does not have predefined labels or categories. The goal of unsupervised learning is to identify patterns, structures, or relationships within the data without explicit guidance. This approach is often used for tasks like clustering, dimensionality reduction, and anomaly detection, where the underlying structure of the data is not known in advance.